Arab Music - Part
Three
by
Ali Jihad Racy, Ph.D. and
Jack Logan, Ph.D.

The representation of musicians was a popular theme in all artistic
media throughout medieval Islam. On this
enamelled and gilded glass bottle of fourteenth century
Syria,
four men, who play (from left to right above) a Qanoon, a small 'ud,
a Riqq, and a Santoor are depicted.
Musical instruments of the Arab world reflect the unity and
diversity within the music itself. Certain types of instruments,
including end-blown reed flutes, double-reeds, single-reeds,
fiddles, plucked lutes and frame drums predominate. Yet, in each
area, there may be a preference for particular instruments or
instrument types. Moreover, details of construction and playing
techniques are affected by local intonation and sound ideals,
availability of construction materials, external musical influences,
and the functions assigned to each instrument.
In the Arab world today, instruments include an important category
whose domain is mostly the urban communities and whose popularity
tends to transcend national and geographical barriers. In
Egypt,
before World War I, these instruments constituted a traditional
ensemble known by the name Takht, literally "platform."
As described by Edward Lane and others, these instruments were the
'ud, the Qanoon, the nay, the Riqq, and the kamanjah, a spike
fiddle, which during the late nineteenth century was replaced with
the Western violin, but which also remained as a folk instrument
under the name Rababah. After World War I, the Takht was gradually
expanded into an orchestra that combined these Arab instruments and
other instruments borrowed from the West, especially members of the
violin family.
'ud
The
'ud ,
(an example of a
chordophone )
typical of
Egypt
and the
Levant,
is a pear-shaped, short-necked, fretless instrument. It has five
double courses of nylon or gut and metal-wound silk strings.
Occasionally, a sixth single course is added. Plucked with an
eagle's feather or a piece of plastic, the five courses are tuned to
G', A', D, G, c. The first course may also be tuned to F'. Like its
counterparts within the ensemble, the 'ud is suitable for both solo
and ensemble playing. Having a warm timbre, low tessitura, and
microtonal flexibility, the 'ud is known as amir
altarab, or "the prince of enchantment."
It is the favorite instrument among theorists, composers as well as
amateur performers. Intricate visual ornamentation is typical of the
'ud, especially in the rosette design and the wood inlay.
The
Qanoon
is a flat zither-type instrument, trapezoidal in shape. Its
twenty-six triple courses of strings are made from nylon or gut and
metal-wound silk. The performer plucks the strings with short
horn-plectra placed between the tip of each index finger and a small
metal ring. The bridge of the qanun
rests on segments of fish skin covering small square spaces on the
wood top. The strings are tuned to the basic notes of a given scale.
The pitch of each course is lowered or raised by a whole step, half
step, or quarter step by lowering or raising fixed metal levers that
stop the strings at specific distances.
The
nay
is an open-ended, obliquely blown flute made from reed, not bamboo.
Exhibiting a breathy tone, it has a wide range of almost two and a
half octaves. It is also extremely expressive and capable of
producing dynamic and tonal inflections. The development and use of
the nay has been attributed to shepherds, but it is, in fact, an
urban instrument. The nay also appears in some Sufi musical
performances. The western violin, Kaman or kamanjah, has been fully
adapted to the Arab musical ideal in matters of tuning and playing
technique. Almost indispensable to the modern Arab ensemble, the
violin in Arab music is customarily tuned to G, d, g, d'.
In
the urban ensemble, two percussion instruments are essential and may
appear side by side. The Riqq, also called Daff, is a small
tambourine; the Tablah, also called
Darbukkah,
is a vase-shaped hand-drum.
In the urban music of
Iraq,
all of the above instruments are used. In addition, two other
instruments are locally important. One is the Santoor, a hammer
dulcimer with metal strings, and the jawzah, a four-string
spike-fiddle whose sound box is part of a coconut shell covered with
skin. These instruments are members of the traditional ensemble that
accompanies Iraqi Maqam singing.
In the urban traditions of
North Africa,
other instruments are essential. Among them is the Andalusian 'ud of
Tunisia.
Having a fretted neck, this 'ud type has four double-courses of
strings. Also included is the Moroccan Moorish Rabab, a small
boat-shaped fiddle whose appearance is somewhat similar to that of
the medieval European Rebec.
In
the area extending through the
Levant
and
Iraq,
folk musical instruments tend to exhibit common features and
performance characteristics. The melody instruments generally
demonstrate an affinity for accentuated motifs, elaborate and
intricate ornamentation, and sound continuity. These instruments are
most often played solo or with percussion instruments and accompany
singing and dancing.
Probably the most important instrument employed throughout this
region is the Bedouin Rababah.
Played with a horsehair bow, this instrument has a quadrilateral
sound box covered with skin and a single string made from horsehair.
Capable of a side range of dynamic accents and ornaments, this
instrument is the essential melody instrument of the nomadic
Bedouins. It is customarily played by the sha'ir, or poet-singer, to
accompany heroic and love songs.

Another Bedouin instrument is the
Mihbaj
(an example of an
idiophone ),
a wood coffee-grinder consisting of approximately a foot-tall base
and a two-foot pestle. The Mihbaj serves the double purpose of being
a household item and, when an expert artist uses it, a percussion
instrument as well. It is also a symbol of affluence, social status,
and the much-cherished Arab virtue, hospitality.
|